ruffian.noun,.plural.ruffians
a tough or rowdy fellow; a thug or gangster
ruffianism.noun,.plural.ruffianisms
ruffianly.adjective

rubefacient.adjective
producing redness, as of the skin
rubefacient.noun
a substance that irritates the skin, causing redness
rubefaction.noun

ruthless.adjective
having little or no compassion or pity; merciless (ruthless cruelty; ruthless opportunism)
ruthlessly.adverb
ruthlessness.noun

refound, refounded, refounding, refounds.verbs
to reestablish (a city or institution)
refounder.noun,.plural.refounders
refoundation.noun,.plural.refoundations

reinstate, reinstated, reinstating, reinstates.transitive verbs
to return to the same position as something was previously in; to bring back into use or existence; to restore to a previous condition or position
reinstatement.noun,.plural.reinstatements

renew, renewed, renewing, renews.verbs
transitive verb use.to make new or as if new again; restore (renewed the antique chair); to take up again; resume (renew an old friendship; renewed the concern with the doctor); to repeat so as to reaffirm (renew a promise); to regain or restore the physical or mental vigor of; revive (she renewed her spirits in the country air); to arrange for the extension of (renew a contract; renew a magazine subscription); to arrange to extend the loan of (renewed the library books before they were overdue); to replenish (renewed the water in the humidifier); to bring into being again; reestablish
intransitive verb use.to become new again; to start over; begin anew
renewer.noun,.plural.renewers

Roman Catholic Church.noun,.plural.Roman Catholic Churches
the word 'catholic' means 'universal' and the word 'church' means a group; the Roman Catholic Church was an updated name for the religious group that evolved from Mithraism, attaching the name 'Roman' to it, as they started in the city of Rome, Italy, as this church was headed by what is now known as the Vatican with its worshippers acknowledging the Pope as head and presided over also by an episcopal.hierarchy

Romanist.noun,.plural.Romanists
one who is a Roman Catholic; a student of or authority on ancient Roman law, culture and institutions
Romanism.noun,.plural.Romanisms
beliefs and practices of the Catholic Church based in Rome, Italy

Roman Numeral.noun,.plural.Roman Numerals
the numerals in the ancient Roman system of notation, still used occasionally, as in pagination and dates on buildings. The basic symbols are I = 1, V = 5, X = 10, L = 50, C = 100, D = 500 and  M = 1000. If a letter is immediately followed by one of equal or lesser value, the two values are added; if followed by one of greater  value, the first is subtracted from the second, thus, XX equals 20 and IV equals 4. The year 1991 would usually appear as MCMLXXXXI. Roman numerals are usually written in capital letters.

Roman Empire.proper noun
also called Rome; also called 'Holy' Roman Empire, a political unit influenced strongly by the Pope, thus called Holy Roman Empire; it was an empire that succeeded the Roman Republic during the time of Augustus Caesar, who ruled from B.C.E. 27 to A.D. 14. At its greatest extent it encompassed.territories stretching from Britain and Germany to North Africa and the Persian Gulf. After 395 A.D. it was split into the Byzantine Empire and the Western Roman Empire, which rapidly sank into anarchy under the onslaught of barbarian.invaders from the north and east. The last emperor of the West, Romulus Augustulus, born circa 461 A.D., was deposed by Goths in 476, the traditional date for the end of this particular flavor of the empire after its having been battered time and again by the Vandals, but though submerged, it still operates and will continue so, up to the time the kingdom of God becomes the predominant government on Earth:.Daniel 2:30-35. A major work on the Roman Empire and what caused its destruction from within is Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, available free as a component of the also free Online Bible. There's lots of downloads of free books on the Online Bible site and if you can't find this one, it's here. It works with the Online Bible so get that installed first. It's easy!

Romance languages
a group of related.languages.derived from Latin which include
French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian and Romanian languages. Romance languages began as dialects of Vulgar Latin, which spread during the Roman occupation of Italy, the Iberian Peninsula, Gaul (France) and the Balkans and developed into separate languages in the 5th–9th centuries. Later, European colonial and commercial contacts spread them to the Americas, Africa and Asia. 

reintroduce, reintroduced, reintroducing, reintroduces.transitive verbs
to start using.something again or bring something back for use (LP, the Long Playing vinyl records of the sixties are in 2016 being reintroduced because their fidelity is superior to 'canny' sounding CDs and DVDs)
reintroduction.noun,.plural.reintroductions
an act of renewed introduction

rennet.noun,.plural.rennets
the inner lining of the fourth stomach of calves and other young ruminants; a dried extract made from the stomach lining of a ruminant, used in cheesemaking to curdle milk

rennin.noun,.plural.rennins
an enzyme that coagulates milk and is used in making cheese and sweet foods from flavored milk and rennet; rennet is from the mucous membrane of the stomach of a calf; rennet is found in the gastric juice of the fourth stomach of young ruminants and is used in making cheeses and sweet foods often called junkets

rigging.noun,.plural.riggings
supporting material for construction work; a system of ropes, chains and tackle used to support and control the masts, sails and yards of a sailing vessel
rig, rigged, rigging, rigs.transitive verbs
to repair, especially in a makeshift.manner; to falsify or change in such a way as to make favorable to oneself even if it's harmful to others (doctored the planned vaccine.concoction according to their satanic worldwide depopulation agenda); to add ingredients so as to improve or conceal the taste, appearance or quality of (doctor the soup with a small amount of wine); to adulterate; to alter or modify for some specific purpose; to rig is also to provide with a harness.or equipment; to fit out; to dress, clothe or adorn (mom rigged out her daughter in her best dresss; to make or construct in haste or in a makeshift manner (rig up a tent for the night); to manipulate.dishonestly for personal gain (rig a contest; rig stock prices); to equip a ship with sails, shrouds and yards; to fit sails or shrouds for example, to masts and yards
rig.noun,.plural.rigs
special equipment or gear used for a particular.purpose; a truck or tractor; a tractor-trailer; a vehicle with one or more horses harnessed to it; the special apparatus used for drilling oil wells; the arrangement of masts, spars and sails on a sailing vessel
rigger.noun,.plural.riggers
one that rigs (oil and gas riggers); a ship with a specific kind of rigging

reef.noun,.plural.reefs
a strip or ridge of rocks, sand or coral that rises to or near the surface of a body of water; a vein of ore

rivet.noun,.plural.rivets
a metal bolt or pin having a head on one end, inserted through aligned holes in the pieces to be joined and then hammered on the plain end so as to form a second head (airplanes use rivets to hold the aluminum metal together)
rivet, riveted, riveting, rivets.transitive verbs
to fasten or secure with or as if with a rivet; to hammer the headless end of so as to form a head and fasten something; to engross or hold the attention
riveter.noun,.plural.riveters

rod.noun,.plural.rods
a thin straight piece or bar of material, such as metal or wood, often having a particular.function or use, as a  fishing rod or an engine piston rod; a horizontal bar used to suspend household items such as curtains or towels; a lightning rod; a divining rod; a measuring stick; a stick used to whip; a scepter, staff or wand symbolizing power or authority; a linear measure equal to 5.5 yards or 16.5 feet (5.03 meters), the square of this measure, equal to 30.25 square yards or 272.25 square feet (25.30 square meters); also, a rod is any of various rod-shaped cells in the retina that respond to dim light

ridge.noun,.plural.ridges
a long narrow upper section or crest (the ridge of a wave); a long narrow chain of hills or mountains, also called a ridgeline; a long narrow elevation on the ocean floor; in meteorology, an elongated.zone of relatively high atmospheric pressure (the weatherman is forecasting warmer temperatures with the high upper ridge soon to be over the city; a long, narrow or crested part of the body (the ridge of the nose); the horizontal line formed by the juncture of two sloping.planes, especially the line formed by the surfaces at the top of a roof; a narrow, raised strip, as in cloth or on plowed ground
ridge, ridged, ridging, ridges.verbs
transitive verb use.to mark with, form into or provide with ridges
intransitive verb use.to form ridges

research.noun,.plural.researches
research is work that involves.studying what one has a current.interest in and trying to discover.facts about it; inquiry ("If we knew what we were doing, it wouldn't be called research." ...Einstein)
research, researched, researching, researches.verbs
intransitive verb use.to engage in or perform research
transitive verb use.to study what one's attention is toward and interested in, in order to.gain.useful.information (researching the effects of genetically modified food and vaccinations)
researchable.adjective
researcher.noun,.plural.researchers
researchist.noun,.plural.researchists

rust.noun
rust is a brown substance that forms on iron or steel, for example when it comes into contact with water (a decaying tractor, reddish brown showing it is rusting); when a metal.object rusts, it becomes covered in rust and often loses its strength (copper nails are better than iron nails because iron rusts); any of various powdery or scaly reddish-brown or reddish-yellow hydrated.ferric.oxides formed on iron and iron-containing materials by low-temperature oxidation in the presence of water; rust is any of various metallic coatings, especially oxides, formed by corrosion
rust, rusted, rusting, rusts.verbs
intransitive verb use.to become corroded; to deteriorate or degenerate through inactivity or neglect; to become the color of rust; in botany, to develop a disease caused by a rust fungus
transitive verb use.to corrode or subject a metal to rust formation
rust.adjective
rustable.adjective
rusty, rustier, rustiest.adjectives
covered with rust; corroded; consisting of or produced by rust; rust has a yellowish-red or brownish-red color; weakened or impaired by neglect, disuse or lack of practice (not having skated in years he'll be rusty when he starts again)
rustily.adverb
rustiness.noun.(words ending in 'ess' are usually without pluralization - adding an 'es' making '...esses' is clumsy)